| Palestine, a Twice-promised Land? The British, the Arabs and Zionism, 1915-1920Indiana University Press
Isaiah Friedman - Arnold Toynbee: Pro-Arab or Pro-Zionist? -
In the late forties, Toynbee acquired the reputation of being a passionate Arab protagonist and a fierce opponent of the State of Israel; by his own admission he became known as a “Western spokesman for the Arab cause.” But during World War I and its aftermath, he was less than sympathetic toward the Arabs. He was greatly disturbed to note that the Syrians, contrary to assurances made by Hussein, as well as by al-Faruqi, remained loyal to Turkey and “their conscripts fought dutifully on her side . . . their leaders are too prudent and the people too peaceable to allow them for a moment to contemplate rising in arms.” Early in the War, he ascertained that, in the Turkish Asiatic provinces, there was only “a veritable cockpit of nationalities so mutilated that they have never even achieved that [kind of] unity which is the essential preliminary to a national life.” By 1917, when the general Arab uprising had failed to materialize, he concluded that they had no “national consciousness. There are Arabs in name who have nothing Arabic about them but their language — most of the peasants in Syria are such . . .” This view was not unique. The official Handbook prepared in 1918 to guide the British delegates to the Peace Conference gave the following description:
The people west of the Jordan are not Arabs, but only Arab-speaking. The bulk of the population are fellahin; that is to say, agricultural workers owning land as a village community or working land for the Syrian effendi.
In the Gaza district they are mostly of Egyptian origin; elsewhere they are of the most mixed race. They have for centuries been ground down, overtaxed, and bullied by the Turk, and still more by the Arab-speaking Turkish minor official and the Syrian and Levantine landowner.
Foreign Office Peace Handbook, No. 60, Syria and Palestine, (HMSO, l920). It was probably prepared by Ormsby-Gore, who, during his service on the Arab Bureau in Cairo, was gathering information on Syria and Palestine.
In his Survey of International Affairs for 19256 — by then he was Director of the Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House) — he confirmed that, although there was “a solidarity of feeling between the Sunnis on both sides of the new Syro- Palestinian frontier,” and that “Arabic was the vernacular language of all inhabitants of Syria … the common use of Arabic did not carry with it a corresponding sense of national solidarity… Communal particularism remained .. . the dominant feature in the political life of the country.” |